Factores determinantes de una baja dosis de hemodiálisis establecida por dialisancia iónica en pacientes críticos con insuficiencia renal aguda / Factors determining a low dose of haemodialysis as measured by ionic dialysance in critical patients with acute kidney injury

Introducción: En la insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA), la dosis administrada no suele controlarse y se estima que resulta inferior a la prescrita. Objetivo: Evaluar la diferencia entre la dosis prescrita y la dosis administrada en pacientes con IRA en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), así como los factores que la determinan, utilizando la determinación del Kt por dialisancia iónica. Material y método: Se incluyeron 394 terapias de reemplazo renal (TRR) en 105 pacientes adultos, con IRA oligúrica ingresados en UCI, con requerimiento de TRR , tratados con hemodiálisis intermitente (HDI) y/o extendida (HDE). Las TRR fueron realizadas con un monitor de aclaramiento on line (OCM®, Fresenius) para la determinación del Kt. Se registraron las características de los pacientes, la prescripción y el desarrollo de TRR. Todas estas variables fueron incluidas en un modelo uni y multivariado, teniendo como variable dependiente la incapacidad de lograr la dosis umbral u objetivo (DU). Resultados: Edad 66 ± 15 años, 37% del sexo femenino, etiología más frecuente: sepsis (70%), hipotensión y/o requerimientos de inotrópicos (71%), asistencia respiratoria mecánica (70%); el índice de severidad individualizado promedio fue de 0,7 ± 0,26. Se efectuaron 201 HDI y 193 HDE, la vía de acceso vascular más frecuente fue la femoral (79%). El Kt prescrito fue de 53,5 ± 14 litros, y un 21% de las prescripciones estaban (..) (AU)

Background: Estimating the dialysis dose is a requirement commonly used to assess the quality of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), this value is not always evaluated and it has been estimated that the prescribed dose is seldom obtained. Reports addressing this issue in AKI individuals are scarce and most have not included an adequate number of patients or treatments, nor were patients treated with extended therapies. Kt values obtained by the ionic dialysance method have been validated for the evaluation of the dialysis dose and it has also been shown that, compared with Kt/V, this is the most sensitive strategy for revealing inadequate dialysis treatment in critically ill AKI individuals. The main aim of this study was to assess the difference between the prescribed and the administered dialysis dose in critically ill AKI patients, and to evaluate what factors determine this gap using Kt values assessed through ionic dialisance. Material and Method: Data from 394 sessions of renal replacement therapy in 105 adult haemodialysis (HD) patients with oliguric acute kidney injury and admitted to ICU were included in this analysis. RRT was carried out with Fresenius 4008E dialysis machines equipped with on-line clearance monitoring (OCM® Fresenius), which use non-invasive techniques to monitor the effective ionic dialysance, equivalent to urea clearance. The baseline characteristics of the study population as well as the prescription and outcome of RRT were analysed. These variables were (..) (AU)

Factors determining a low dose of haemodialysis as measured by ionic dialysance in critical patients with acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND: Estimating the dialysis dose is a requirement commonly used to assess the quality of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), this value is not always evaluated and it has been estimated that the prescribed dose is seldom obtained. Reports addressing this issue in AKI individuals are scarce and most have not included an adequate number of patients or treatments, nor were patients treated with extended therapies. Kt values obtained by the ionic dialysance method have been validated for the evaluation of the dialysis dose and it has also been shown that, compared with Kt/V, this is the most sensitive strategy for revealing inadequate dialysis treatment in critically ill AKI individuals. The main aim of this study was to assess the difference between the prescribed and the administered dialysis dose in critically ill AKI patients, and to evaluate what factors determine this gap using Kt values assessed through ionic dialisance. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Data from 394 sessions of renal replacement therapy in 105 adult haemodialysis (HD) patients with oliguric acute kidney injury and admitted to ICU were included in this analysis. RRT was carried out with Fresenius 4008E dialysis machines equipped with on-line clearance monitoring (OCM® Fresenius), which use non-invasive techniques to monitor the effective ionic dialysance, equivalent to urea clearance. The baseline characteristics of the study population as well as the prescription and outcome of RRT were analysed. These variables were included in a multivariate model in which the dependent variable was the failure to obtain the threshold dose (TD). RESULTS: The main baseline characteristics of the study population/treatments were: age 66 ± 15 years, 37% female, most frequent cause of AKI: sepsis (70%). Low BP and/or vasoactive drug requirement (71%), mechanical ventilation (70%) and average individual severity index: 0.7 ± 0.26. Two hundred and one intermittent HD (IHD) and 193 extended HD (EHD) sessions were performed; the most frequently used temporary vascular access was the femoral vein catheter (79%). Prescribed Kt was 53.5 ± 14L and 21% of prescriptions fell below the TD. Sixty-one percent of treatments did not fulfill the TD (31 ± 8L) compared with 56 ± 12L obtained in the subgroup that achieved the target. Compared to IHD, EHD provided a significantly larger Kt (46 ± 16L vs 33L ± 9L). Univariate analysis showed that inadequate compliance was associated with age (>65y), male gender, intra-dialytic hypotension, low Qb, catheter line reversal, and IHD. The same variables with the exception of age and gender were independently associated in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The dialysis dose obtained was significantly lower than that prescribed. EHD achieved values closer to the prescribed KT and significantly higher than in IHD. Ionic Kt measurement facilitates monitoring and allows HD treatments to be extended based upon a previously established TD. Besides the chosen strategy to dispense the dose of dialysis, a well-functioning vascular access allowing for optimal blood flow and other approaches aimed at avoiding hemodynamic instability during RRT are the most important factors to achieve TD, mainly in elderly male patients. The dialysis dose should be prescribed and monitored for all critically ill AKI patients.

[Comparison between CKD-EPI and MDRD-equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease patients]. / Comparación entre las ecuaciones CKD-EPI y MDRD para la estimación del filtrado glomerular en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica.

The MDRD equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most widely used strategy to assess chronic kidney disease. Nonetheless, for the individual patient the true GFR can be underestimated with the risk of diagnosing a more elevated CKD stage. This novel CKD-EPI equation would improve accuracy and precision of estimations, and several authors recommend this new equation replace the former. In our country there is only a limited registration of these comparisons performed on a large number of patients. Therefore, our aim was to develop a comparison in a wide cohort of patients. The concordance between both equations to assign the GFR stages was determined by using the MDRD formula as a reference. The mean difference of GFR obtained with both equations as well as the Bland-Altman analysis were calculated. A cohort of 9319 individuals, of whom 67% were females, aged 58 ± 20 years, with serum creatinine values of 1.6 ± 1.03 mg/dl, was studied. In the whole group, CKD-EPI displayed an average GFR 0.61 ml/min/1.73 m2 larger than MDRD (p: NS). For CKD stages 2 and 3A the mean estimated GFR difference was 6.95 ± 4.76 and 3.21 ± 3.31, while the concordance was 81 and 74% respectively. The percentage of patients with GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, decreased from 76.3% with the former equation to 70.1% with the latter. The novel equation CKD-EPI reduces the number of patients with GFR values lower than 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 and consequently assigns a higher GFR stage to a considerable quantity of individuals.

Comparación entre las ecuaciones CKD-EPI y MDRD para la estimación del filtrado glomerular en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica / Comparison between CKD-EPI and MDRD-equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate in chronic kidney disease patients

La ecuación MDRD para la estimación del índice de filtrado glomerular (IFG), es la estrategia más utilizada para evaluar pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Sin embargo, puede subestimar el IFG con el riesgo de asignar al paciente a estadios más avanzados de ERC. La nueva ecuación CKD-EPI, mejoraría la exactitud y precisión de las estimaciones. Sus autores sugieren que reemplace a la anterior. No habiendo comparaciones de estas ecuaciones aplicadas en un gran número de pacientes en nuestro país, nuestro objetivo fue realizarla en una amplia cohorte de pacientes. Se evaluó la concordancia de asignación en estadios de ERC entre ambas ecuaciones, tomando como referencia los datos surgidos de MDRD. Se calculó la media de las diferencias de los IFG obtenidos empleando ambas ecuaciones y se aplicó el análisis estadístico de Bland-Altman. Se estudió una cohorte de 9 319 pacientes con una media de creatinina sérica de 1.60 ± 1.03 mg/dl, 67% de sexo femenino y edad media 58 ± 20 años. En el grupo total, CKD-EPI presentó una media de IFG 0.61 ml/min/1.73 m² mayor que MDRD (p: NS). En los estadios 2 y 3A las medias del IFG fueron respectivamente 6.95 ± 4.76 y 3.21 ± 3.31, y la concordancia de 81 y 74%. El porcentaje de pacientes con un IFG menor de 60 ml/min/1.73 m², se redujo de 76.3% (MDRD) a 70.1% (CKD-EPI). Por lo tanto, la nueva ecuación CKD-EPI disminuye el número de pacientes con IFG debajo de 60 ml/min/1.73 m² y asigna estadios de IFG más elevado a un número mayor de pacientes.

The MDRD equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the most widely used strategy to assess chronic kidney disease. Nonetheless, for the individual patient the true GFR can be underestimated with the risk of diagnosing a more elevated CKD stage. This novel CKD-EPI equation would improve accuracy and precision of estimations, and several authors recommend this new equation replace the former. In our country there is only a limited registration of these comparisons performed on a large number of patients. Therefore, our aim was to develop a comparison in a wide cohort of patients. The concordance between both equations to assign the GFR stages was determined by using the MDRD formula as a reference. The mean difference of GFR obtained with both equations as well as the Bland-Altman analysis were calculated. A cohort of 9 319 individuals, of whom 67% were females, aged 58 ± 20 years, with serum creatinine values of 1.6 ± 1.03 mg/dl, was studied. In the whole group, CKD-EPI displayed an average GFR 0.61 ml/min/1.73 m² larger than MDRD (p: NS). For CKD stages 2 and 3A the mean estimated GFR difference was 6.95 ± 4.76 and 3.21 ± 3.31, while the concordance was 81 and 74% respectively. The percentage of patients with GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m², decreased from 76.3% with the former equation to 70.1% with the latter. The novel equation CKD-EPI reduces the number of patients with GFR values lower than 60 ml/min/1.73 m² and consequently assigns a higher GFR stage to a considerable quantity of individuals.

[Is the preparation with sodium phosphate purgative for bowel cleansing safe in low-risk patients?]. / Es segura la preparación con laxante de fosfato sódico para la limpieza colónica en pacientes de bajo riesgo?

UNLABELLED: The development of colonoscopy has increased the oral sodium phosphate (OSP) laxative use. OSP complications like hyperphosphatemia with acute and chronic kidney impairment with nephrocalcinosis have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze acute and one year after OSP complications in low risk well hydrated patients. METHODS: We performed a prospective study in 100 consecutive patients undergoing colonic cleansing with OSP for colonoscopy aged 35-74 year, ASA I-II. Exclusion criteria were congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, liver cirrhosis, intestinal obstruction, decreased bowel motility, increased bowel permeability, hyperparathyroidism. Arterial pressure, hematocrit, serum osmolality, serum phosphate, ionic calcium, electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, K+), creatinine and urea were measured before and after OSP. The day before colonoscopy all the participants entered a 24 hr-period diet consisting in 4 litres of clear fluids and standard OSP dose (30 g at 17:00 and 30 gr at 22:00). Phosphatemia levels post OSP according to patient's weight (> or =, < or = 70 kg) and one year later kidney function were compared. RESULTS: Mean age was 58.9 +/- 8.4 years, 66% of patients were women and mean weight was 71 +/- 13 kg. Kidney function showed no significant difference between pre and post OSP, and after one year values. Hyperphosphatemia appeared in 87%. Hyperphosphatemia was higher in patients with low weight (5.8 mg/dl vs 5.3 mg/dl, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: OSP complications were reduced through an adequate patient selection in order to avoid risk factors and an effective hydration. Phosphate overload was tolerated without symptoms. Considering high hyperphosphatemia incidence and its relation with weight, to adjust dose related to weight should be evaluated. There was no acute or a year later renal damage.

H1N1 infection and the kidney in critically ill patients.

BACKGROUND: Acute renal failure due to viral infections is rare. We assessed the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically compromised patients due to the H1N1 influenza virus. METHODS: All patients with a PCR -confirmed diagnosis of H1N1 influenza infection admitted to the intensive care unit between May and July 2009 were retrospectively studied. Thereafter, the risk factors associated with the development of acute renal injury, the requirements of acute hemodialysis (HD) and death were analyzed. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients with H1N1 pneumonia were included: age: 52.91 ± 18.89 years; gender: males 11 (50%); chronic airway disease: 9 (41%); oncohematological disease: 8 (36.7%); cardiovascular disease 5 (22.7%); chronic renal insufficiency: 4 (18.2%); obesity 3 (13.6%); concomitant pregnancy: 2 (9.1%); diabetes mellitus: 2 (9.1%); previous influenza A vaccination: 9 (41%). All patients received oseltamivir within 48 hours of presumed diagnosis. Seventeen patients (77.3%) developed fever initially. Six patients (27.3%) required noninvasive ventilation assistance and 15 patients (68.2%) received invasive ventilatory support. Mean days on mechanical respiratory assistance: 11 ± 10.35. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio: 140.11 ± 83.03 mmHg. Inotropic drugs were administered to 15 patients (68.2%). Fourteen patients (63.6%) developed AKI. Mean highest creatinine levels: 2.74 ± 2.83 mg/dl. Four patients (18.2%) needed renal replacement therapy with a mean duration of 15 ± 12 days. Six patients (42.9%) recovered renal function. AKI was associated with pregnancy, immunosuppression, high APAC HE, SOFA and MURRA Y scores, and less time on mechanical ventilation assistance, hemodynamical instability and thrombocytopenia. HD requirements were associated with elevated SOFA scores (12.25 ± 1.75 vs. 6.22 ± 0.8, p<0.05), elevated creatine phosphokinase (933 ± 436.6 vs. 189.9 ± 79.3 U/L, p<0.05) and alanine transferase levels (843.3 ± 778.8 vs. 85.33 ± 17.4 U/L, p<0.05). Twelve patients died (54.6%), 10 of whom had acute renal failure (83.3%) and 3 had been on acute HD (25%). Mortality was associated with higher APACHE, SOFA and Murray scores, a higher oseltamivir dose (253.1 ± 25.8 vs. 183.8 ± 27.6 mg, p<0.05), lower oxygen inspired fraction/alveolar pressure ratio (99.3 ± 12.2 vs. 196.3 ± 33.9 mmHg, p<0.01), thrombocytopenia (88966 ± 22977 vs. 141200 ± 17282 mm3, p<0.05), hypoalbuminemia (1.82 ± 0.1 vs. 2.61 ± 0.2 g/dl, p<0.01), acute renal failure (10 vs. 4, p<0.05), oligoanuria (5 vs. 0, p<0.05) and lack of recovery of renal function (2 vs. 4, p<0.01). Three out of 4 (75%) of the hemodialyzed patients died. CONCLUSIONS: In the critically ill due to H1N1 pneumonia, renal insufficiency was a frequent complication, demanding renal replacement therapy in 18% of cases. The need for HD was associated with an elevated risk of death. Mortality was mainly associated with multiple organ failure, oligoanuria, acute renal injury and a lack of recovery of renal function.

Trombocitopenia inducida por heparina / Thrombocytopenia induced by heparin

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino con diagnóstico de trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH). Se trata de un síndrome que puede ser potencialmente fatal y cuyo diagnóstico se basa en un cuadro clínico compatible más la presencia de anticuerpos.

Mortalidad a un año de seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 4 / Mortality at one year follow-up in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) está asociada a una elevada morbi-mortalidad. Son escasos los datos de la literatura latinoamericana sobre el seguimiento de pacientes con ERC en la etapa predialítica. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar de modo retrospectivo, los resultados en un año de seguimiento de una cohorte de pacientes con ERC estadio 4 y determinar las diferentes tasas de morbilidad, de mortalidad y de ingreso a diálisis.

Trombocitopenia inducida por heparina / Thrombocytopenia induced by heparin

Se presenta el caso de una paciente de sexo femenino con diagnóstico de trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH). Se trata de un síndrome que puede ser potencialmente fatal y cuyo diagnóstico se basa en un cuadro clínico compatible más la presencia de anticuerpos.(AU)

Mortalidad a un año de seguimiento de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en estadio 4 / Mortality at one year follow-up in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 4

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) está asociada a una elevada morbi-mortalidad. Son escasos los datos de la literatura latinoamericana sobre el seguimiento de pacientes con ERC en la etapa predialítica. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar de modo retrospectivo, los resultados en un año de seguimiento de una cohorte de pacientes con ERC estadio 4 y determinar las diferentes tasas de morbilidad, de mortalidad y de ingreso a diálisis.(AU)

Prevalencia de hipercalcemia en pacientes con transplante [sic] renal: factores predictores / Prevalence of hypercalcemia in patients with renal transplant: predictive factors

El transplante renal (TxR) mejora el hiperparatiroidismo urémico. Sin embargo algunos pacientes pueden presentar hipercalcemia en el post TxR que altera la función del injerto y requiere en muchos casos cirugía de la paratiroides. El objetivo del trabajo fue establecer la prevalencia de hipercalcemia en pacientes con TxR y los factores que la predicen. Se incluyeron 60 adultos con insuficiencia renal crónica que recibieron un transplante renal. Se consignaron los valores de Calcemia, Fosfatemia, Fosfatasa alcalina y PTH intacta, previo al transplante y durante el seguimiento posterior. Se subdividió a la población en tres grupos según la calcemia post transplante y su duración en el período de un año: pacientes con 1. Calcemia normal (NC); 2. Hipercalcemia transitoria (HT) (se normaliza antes del año del transplante); 3. Hipercalcemia persistente (HP) (hipercalcemia sostenida más de 12 meses y que se adscribe a disfunción paratiroidea). Se verificó hipercalcemia post-transplante en el 33,4% de los pacientes (16,7% con HP y 16,7% con HT). Los factores asociados a hipercalcemia persistente fueron: 1) Mayor tiempo de hemodiálisis (NC: 30,5±4,8 meses; HT: 45,4±11,7 meses y HP: 64,7±14,0 meses; ANOVA: p=0,02); 2) Calcemias elevadas (NC: 9,4±0,1 mg/dl, HT: 10,2±0,3mg/dl y HP: 10,3±0,4 mg/dl; ANOVA: p=0,002) y PTH pre TxR (NC: 202 (78-485) pg/ml; HT: 146 (115-508) pg/ml y HP: 759 (368-1126) pg/ml; mediana 1er-3er cuartilo, test de Kruskall-Wallis: p=0,02). Se comprobaron correlaciones positivas entre tiempo de hemodiálisis y PTH post TxR (r=0,65; p<0,05) y Ca post TxR (r=0,32; p=0,02); la PTH pre y post TxR correlacionaron en forma directa (r=0,55; p<0,05). El grupo de pacientes con hipercalcemia transitoria presentó calcemias superiores a las óptimas con niveles de PTH adecuados. Los niveles de calcio y PTH elevados en pacientes en diálisis se asocian al desarrollo de hipercalcemia persistente en el período posterior al TxR.

Elimination and clearance of pamidronate by haemodialysis.

Pamidronate (APD), a third-generation bisphosphonate, has proven to be useful in haemodialysis (HD) patients with ectopic calcifications and hypercalcaemia. Little is known about bisphosphonates clearance in patients undergoing HD. The authors' main objective was to study HD removal and clearance of APD. In total, 23 HD-requiring anuric end-stage renal disease (ESRD) adult individuals (12 men) aged 61.7 +/- 13 (mean +/- SD) years were admitted into the study. APD clearance and elimination were evaluated by (99m)Technetium APD (half-life 6 h). In total, 1 mg of labelled APD was injected via the arteriovenous graft prior to the start of HD. Blood samples were then drawn from the arterial (predialyser) and venous (postdialyser) lines of the extracorporeal circuit 2 h after the HD onset. In a subgroup of patients (n: 15) the dialysate was collected and quantified during the three initial HD hours. Venous APD concentrations (postdialyser) were 72 + 7% of arterial (predialyser) concentrations. Mean APD clearance was 69.3 + 16.6 mL/min, and mean APD extraction during dialysis session was 31.6 + 10.1%. In the present study involving HD-requiring anuric ESRD patients APD was successfully eliminated by HD. At the dose administered here none of the participants reported adverse events. APD is a potentially useful drug to be administered to HD-requiring ESRD patients, the understanding of its removal during HD as well as its dialytic clearance allows for a safer management of a drug that is usually eliminated by renal excretion.

Treatment of uremic hyperparathyroidism with percutaneous ethanol injection.

The percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) with ultrasound guidance has been suggested for the treatment of patients with hyperparathyroidism who are on dialysis, with the aim of selectively treating the parathyroid glands with nodular hyperplasia. We present our experience in 25 patients with chronic renal failure followed during 13.4 +/- 10.6 months. A decrease in the levels of parathormone (PTH) (1,236.32 +/- 129.8 vs. 721.66 +/- 142.24 pg/ml), phosphatemia (6.16 +/- 0.35 vs. 4.93 +/- 0.36 mg/dl) and calcium-phosphorous product (60.82 +/- 3.81 vs. 46.47 +/- 3.46 mg2/dl2) was verified. In 56% of patients, PTH levels decreased (>50% of the baseline value) and 36% had final values <300 pg/ml. Patients in whom ultrasound showed a single gland responded better than those with more than one gland (83.3 vs. 30.8% of responders in each group). The procedures performed had a 4.9% complication rate: hematoma, symptomatic hypocalcemia, temporary paresis of the vocal cords. In summary, treatment with PEI is useful for the management of patients with hyperparathyroidism who are on dialysis, and the results achieved are better in patients who have a single gland identified by ultrasonography.

Effect of the embolization of completely unpurified islets on portal vein pressure and hepatic biochemistry in clinical practice.

Here we report on the impact of completely unpurified islet transplantation on the portal vein pressure (PVP) and the hepatic biochemistry in the peritransplant period and on follow-up. Type I diabetic patients underwent simultaneous kidney and islet transplantation. Islets were not purified from the acinar tissue to prevent loss of endocrine mass. Each patient received a mean 521,846 +/- 201,539.4 islet equivalents (7812.1 islet equivalents/kg/recipient). Immunosuppression and peritransplant medication were given according to the Giessen protocol. The islets were injected into the left hepatic lobe through the umbilical vein. PVP was recorded at time 0 and every 5 min throughout cell infusion. Liver function was assessed daily for the first 10 days, and on follow-up. Basal, peak, and final PVP were 12 +/- 3.8, 25.1 +/- 7.9, and 19.5 +/- 6.2 mmHg, respectively (basal vs. final, p < 0.05). Bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, prothrombin time, and APTT stayed within normal range. Peak aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and serum amylase were 109.4 +/- 61.2 IU/L (basal vs. peak, not significant), 79.5 +/- 56.9 IU/L (basal vs. peak, not significant), and 887.5 +/- 153.6 IU/L (basal vs. peak, p = 0.02), respectively. In all cases AST, ALT, and amylase normalized within 6 days posttransplant and remained so on follow-up (longest control, 33 months posttransplant). Although the intrahepatic infusion of unpurified pancreatic islets affects both the portal vein pressure and the hepatic biochemical profile, this effect is transient and does not compromise the safety of the procedure.